Analysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell - 930 Words

The book 1984 was filled with constant rebellion from one individual known as Winston Smith who does not believe in the â€Å"Party† and would much rather join the â€Å"Brotherhood† where he can oppose the Party. While in Divergent, Beatrice Prior is loyal and compliant with her government until she learns that she is a rare type of human known as a divergent and poses a threat to her government. These two stories while incredibly different have many similarities as well. Both stories are about people trying to distance themselves from their government, and they have certain sections of government that people are right for. Although, in Divergent, Beatrice has special traits that enable her to escape her fight while Winston is tortured into loving the party. In Divergent Beatrice Prior has been raised in the Abnegation faction her entire life and she finally comes of age and has to decide what faction she will reside in for the rest of her life. While they take a test that tells them their best choice they are still able to make their decision and she chooses Dauntless. In 1984 Winston’s life is chosen for him as well because he is taught to work in the Ministry of Truth and does so for much of his life. In both of these stories everyone is split into groups or factions based on what they can do best. The splitting of these groups is relevant in both stories because they begin to talk with other groups and continue to get in more trouble with their governments. While both 1984Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1362 Words   |  6 PagesKathie Tejada Professor Antonio Tomà ¡s Guerrero Dà ­az COLI 214B 1984 This novel, 1984, is a dystopia and takes place in Oceania where people live in a totalitarian society. The author, George Orwell, wrote this as if he was looking into the future and what it was going to turn in to. This group of people, called The Party, have control over everything and everyone, and they have a leader, known as Big Brother, who is everywhere throughout the novel and the people look up to him. They invented a languageRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1084 Words   |  5 Pages1984 was written by British author George Orwell. The main character is an average man by the name of Winston Smith. Winston does not agree with the ideals of the party; this gets him arrested by the thought police. 1984 proclaims what could happen if people just let the government do all their thinking for them. 1.In the world of 1984, what is considered orthodox is not the same as the actual world. In the book in order to be considered orthodox one must never question the party or have any individualRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1493 Words   |  6 Pagessteadily bringing us closer to the world of Big Brother because the government has the ability to collect information from devices that are constantly being in use such as cell phones, televisions, and computers without our consent. In the book entitled 1984, George Orwell reveals how Oceania was a world where no one could be trusted; an action as simple as thinking was considered a violation of the law and you could be arrested for it. Individuals were living in a society where their own thoughts, evenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1288 Words   |  6 PagesControlled freedom Present day society is very much like society in the book 1984. Although, some of the procedures have diminished slightly, they still do exist, and are still current in today’s society. it’s a shame that most people fail to see that our â€Å"free† nation is actually still controlled. we are being manipulated in such a manner that we do not see by propaganda, media, lies, and yes even torture. Many citizens can say that here in America we are free nation or have freedom, but do weRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1088 Words   |  5 Pages1984 The book that I chose for my first book report was 1984 by George Orwell. The story begins by introducing a man named, Winston Smith, a simple man from the country known as Oceania. He lives in a small flat within London, on the Island known as Airstrip One. Winston is a part of the outer party, which is a part of the ruling party within Oceania, and is a low ranking member who works for the Ministry of Truth as a propaganda officer. The people of the ruling party are constantly being watchedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell968 Words   |  4 PagesThe book, 1984 by George Orwell, is about the external and internal conflicts that take place between the two main characters, Winston and Big Brother and how the two government ideas of Democracy and totalitarianism take place within the novel. Orwell wrote the novel around the idea of communism/totalitarianism and how society would be like if it were to take place. In Orwell’s mind democracy and communism cre ated two main characters, Winston and Big Brother. Big Brother represents the idea ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1029 Words   |  5 PagesThe novel 1984, written by George Orwell, depicts a horrendous future in which the citizens of the tyrannous state of Oceania live under unceasing surveillance. The mysterious character of Big Brother serves as the leader of this dystopian society while members of the Party work for total power over the general public. Telescreens are installed in every room for constant investigation, language is continuously modified, and extreme actions are made in order to achieve the end goal of absolute controlRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1253 Words   |  6 Pagesno point of trying to live a regular life. In the book 1984 by George Orwell nearly everyone in the book is brainwashed and given a lot of false information. Winston and other characters only provide a little bit of hope. With a little bit of hope i n the brainwashed world there is still absolutely no chance for any recovery unless the upper management screws up. This hope provides nearly no chance of humanity going back to normal. In the book, 1984, Big Brother is watching over everyone at all timesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell2321 Words   |  10 Pagespossible crime, thoughtcrime. In the novel â€Å"1984†, by George Orwell, Winston Smith rebelles passively against the idea of living in a complete uniform world under Big Brother’s dreadful surveillance. Thought crime’s impact on the novel’s population is devastating, so much so that it is somewhat hard to picture today’s society in its place. The sad reality is that thoughtcrime does impact the lives of the people in today’s society to some extent as it does in the book. The level of punishment for such a crimeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1092 Words   |  5 Pages and opinions of its citizens; therefore removing the difference between state and society. The goal of a totalitarian government is to replace the existing society with a perfect one. In the novel â€Å"1984† by George Orwell, Big Brother is a dominant figure in the ways which he controls Oceania. Orwell portrays a society with a government that oversees and influences each facet of human life to the point that even having an unfaithful thought that is in disagreement with the law is forbidden. Big Brother

The Social Determinants Of Health - 1458 Words

There is growing research into what has become known as the social determinants of health; the central claim arising from this research is that â€Å"various social factors have a strong influence on population health and on inequalities in health outcomes across social groups†. (Preda Voigt, 2015) Social determinants of health are conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes and risks. Conditions such as social, economic, and physical in various environments and settings such as school, church, work, or neighborhood have been referred to as â€Å"place†. (HP 2020) According to Healthy People 2020 (2016) understanding the relationship between how population groups experience â€Å"place† and the impact of â€Å"place† on health is fundamental to the social determinants of health. Healthy People 2020 (2016) have developed an a pproach to social determinants by organizing a â€Å"place-based† framework, reflecting five key areas of social determinants of health. Each of these five determinant areas, economic stability, education, social and community context, health and healthcare, neighborhood and built environment; reflects a number of critical components that make up the underlying factors in the arena of social determinants of health. Differences in social, economic, and environmental circumstances lead to health inequalities that are socially produced and thereforeShow MoreRelatedThe Social Determinants Of Health1623 Words   |  7 PagesStress has been identified as one of the social determinants of health. It has different meanings in various contexts, so a proper definition will give a good insight of the term.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stress can be defined as a state of emotional or mental disturbance resulting from adverse or demanding conditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stress can also be defined as a physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental disturbance and could be a causal in disease formation. StressesRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health1194 Words   |  5 Pageswatching television, reading or watching over her six cats. Social Determinants of Health are conditions such as living conditions or environments one has experienced while living their life and how that affects one’s health (Mikkonen, J., Raphael, D., 2010). In this case study of Norma James presented above, the three Social Determinants of Health (DOH) relevant to this case study are Income and Income Distribution, Health Services and Social Safety Net. The following of the paper will discuss theRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health981 Words   |  4 Pagesthe first time. The social determinants of health most likely had an impact on the life expectancy of the vulnerable populations (Gupta, 2004). Applying the primary health care principles such as equity, cultural competence, community participation and maximum self-reliance, health promotion and disease prevention, access to health services and resource, use of acceptable technology and involvement of government departments to Mrs Azizi’s care will reduce the prevalen ce of health inequities amongstRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health1377 Words   |  6 Pages A group of fellow students and my self conducted a public health walk in the area of hackney borough. Our aim was to observe the community and how their surroundings affected their health. On 4th November 2014, we met at 10am and started our walk at St. Johns church. Prior to this day we met up to plan on our walk and how we will conduct it. While on our walk we observed how diverse and cultural the area was, we observed the people socialising in the street, the services available for these peopleRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health1306 Words   |  6 PagesConditions of birth and people’s growth, lifestyles, occupations and age strongly influence their health. This essay focuses on children between the ages of zero to 19 and examines what the social determinants of health are. Firstly, it attempts to analyse poverty, family violence, addiction and the impacts on the health of younger New Zealanders who are exposed to those determinants. Secondly, strategies, initiative s and prevention services are identified at national, regional and local levels toRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health And Health898 Words   |  4 PagesMental health outcomes vary differently by socioeconomic location for women and men. It is important to critically analyze the various social locations that low-income women living with mental health concerns are currently occupying. These women are occupying these social locations because of the structural inequities that they encounter in relation to their experiences with the social determinants of health. Explanatory frameworks are used to illustrate the relationship between the social determinantsRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Health And Health1170 Words   |  5 PagesSocial determinants of health are social, economic and physical factors that affect the health of individuals in any given population. There are fourteen social determinants of health but Income is perhaps the most important of these because it shapes l iving conditions, influences health related behaviors, and determines food security. In Canada, people with lower incomes are more susceptible to disease/ conditions, higher mortality rate, decreased life expectancy and poorer perceived health thanRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health1555 Words   |  7 Pages After so, this contact decimated every aspect of the Indigenous way of life. The health and well-being of Indigenous people initiated to worsen severely not only in the physical aspect but also mental. According to National Household Survey conducted in 2011, 1,400,685 people have been identified as being a member of one of the Aboriginal groups within Canada. Within these Aboriginal groups, critical mental health issues such as major depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, substance abuse disorderRead MoreSocial determinants of health1076 Words   |  5 PagesHealth starts in our homes, workplaces, schools and communities. Most of us may think that the state of health is determined by our own behaviors and we are taking the initiatives in taking care of ourselves. By having a balanced diet, getting enough rest, exercising, not taking alcohols and smoking, receiving recommendation of preventive vaccine injection and screening tests, and seeing a doctor when we are sick, these behaviors all have great impact on our health. However, social determinants whichRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Health And Health873 Words   |  4 Pages Better research on immigrant health and health outcomes would go a long way to shining a light on how to tackle these problems. The current debate in the research concentrates on social determinants of health such as acculturation, which of course influences a lot of other health and healthcare decisions made by immigrants. However, only focusing on social determinants of health undermines the importance of other factors that also heavily affect immigrant health in the United States. Specifically

Beowulf and Star Wars Comparison Essay Example For Students

Beowulf and Star Wars Comparison Essay The mead-hall is both homeboys and a setting in the epic. The building is like a palace that towers high just as a cliff with horn shaped at the ends of the walls. Its more than a home for the warriors to sleep or a place to drink and share good times. Symbolically, the mead-hall represents the achievements of Warthogs and their level of civilization. People from neighboring tribes have respectfully contributed to the rich decorations and intricate designs. The hall is also symbolic in that it is the setting of Beowulf first great battle, the defeat of Grenade. When Grenade invades the all, he knows that he strikes at the very heart of the people this makes the defeat all the more special to Beowulf. While in Star Wars, Luke has first epic battle with Dart Evader in the Death star. Obi Wan Kombi has trained Dart Evader thus he is very powerful. The Death Star symbolizes Luke going into the heart of darkness and his heroism in defeating a powerful foe (Dart Evader) in his first great battle. Just as Beowulf has gone into the heart of darkness the mead hall is where the warriors fear Grenade and he defeats him just as Luke defeats Dart Evader. Dart Evader is an outcast to the Jed because he is no longer apart of Obi Wan Kombi and what good things he stands for Dart Evaders mask is a symbol of him being an outcast. In Beowulf, the cave verge Grenade and his mother hide from the world is symbolic of their lives as outcasts. Hidden underneath the swamp, their cave gives them privacy, safety and shelter in a world that they feel is hostile. The cave represents Grenade and his mothers characteristics associated with sorcery, black magic, demons, ancient runes, and hell itself. The light sabers represent characteristics Of Luke, Obi Wan Kombi and Dart Evader. Luke and Obi Wan Kombi have green light sabers represent the Jed. Which are the good guys. Green light sabers symbolizes peace, uniformity and solidarity just as Luke and Obi Wan Kombi are trying to do the right thing and save the princess and stop Dart Evader. Dart Evader has a red light saber which represents the evil, Dart Evader uses the force to try to kill people and works with the sits or the bad guys. The cave itself represents a world distant world to Horror, Lakes training with Ohio Wan Kombi represents a distant world for Luke because he knows nothing tooth about the life of the Jed. He figures out that his surrounds are false he must use the force to tune into the real reality as the movie moves along thither his Launderettes this distant world tooth Jed becomes more familiar, The dragons treasure-trove represents what people want the most. The dragons barrow holds riches beyond the peoples imagination however, the vast fortune is of no use to anyone. Beowulf gives his life defeating the dragon and gaining this impressive treasure for his people. The treasure is buried faith the great warrior in his funeral barrow and, a mighty order of riches that is of absolutely no use to anybody. This symbolizes that the simplistic life is the best to have and not to let the eye candy of life control your life. The Jed strive to live in simplicity and in harmony with nature. They arena opposed to technology, however they do not rely on it alone, at the expense Of their own senses and feelings. When Luke encounters Obi Wan Kombi and Wood in their homes these Jed masters live simple lives close to the land. When Luke has to destroy the Death Star with, Obi Wan Kombi voice tells him to rely only on is own senses, his intuition, and his connection to the Force. .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021 , .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021 .postImageUrl , .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021 , .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021:hover , .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021:visited , .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021:active { border:0!important; } .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021:active , .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021 .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1fc7bc16c06d2f1feb4644380a100021:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Original Dracula movie EssayA contrast to the way of the Jed is the behavior of their dark-side counterparts, the Sits. Dart Evader is more machine than man with robotic limbs and built-in life support. Significantly, Dart Evaders last request is for Luke to remove his mask. So that Evader may see Luke directly, without the technological filter. Proving that the elite because the technology is the eye candy and the simple elite is the nature. These two stories are great parallels of each other symbolically.

Virtual Learning Environment free essay sample

1.) INTRODUCTION The issue of integration of technology into the teaching process is a crucial part of future development in the teaching and learning process. The benefits that accrue to students in universities and other learning institutions using e-learning are well documented. Over the past years in majority of countries, academic institutions and other institutions of higher learning have been diversifying in delivery of instruction to learners through internet media. These internet media include Virtual Learning Environment system (VLEs), online classrooms and asynchronous distance learning amongst other growing educational technologies. Learner-centered instructional techniques help students connect with new knowledge and information to what they already know, to increase and improve on the quality of education they already have and also to seek meaningful knowledge and evaluate their own thinking processes. In addition, the internet provides possible benefits such as new methods of communication, flexible access to resources and different methods of assessing lecturers and students. We will write a custom essay sample on Virtual Learning Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, for lecturers, formulating internet resources that are appealing, educationally sound, stimulating and easy to use is often time consuming and involves considerable expertise. The applications of VLEs assist lecturers to formulate resources faster and it does not require development of technical skills. Typically, the application of VLEs enables the users to easily upload their materials and resources, offers an integrated set of internet tools and provides a consistent look and feel that can be customized by the user. Therefore, the employment of technology to support learning is largely prevailed by the use of VLEs. A Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) is a software program devised to facilitate instructors in the management of courses for their students. It aims at helping students and teachers with course administration. It can also track the student’s progress which can be monitored by both the learners and instructors. VLEs are mostly viewed as being helpful in distance learning but in practice they are equally beneficial in supplementing face-to-face classroom. In this paper, the main concern will how technology has been used in EFL teaching. EFL (English as a Foreign Language) courses among a variety of other courses offered in institutions of higher education, have witnessed changes in the recent years which include high enrollment rates, increasing  diversity of students and less resources. In addition, EFL courses are likely to be enrolling students who are mature, possessing other qualifications other than the already existing A-levels or at times studying part time. These students have different backgrounds, preferences and skills in the way they learn. Moreover, these students have expectations of studying current and new trends in technology. VLEs can provide EFL students and their instructors a wide and flexible accessibility to resources and materials in accordance with the changes in technology. This is particularly advantageous to students studying on a part time basis. Motivating and engaging EFL students pose a great challenge to their lecturers. VLEs can help solve this problem by putting together up-to-date, interactive and interesting electronic resources besides additional supporting resources and materials. VLEs can open up opportunities for new methods of communication and learning, and also support collaborative learning as well as independent learning. In the United States, for example, the EFL population has been raising over the past years. Therefore, the language need of EFL and ESL students have prompted teachers to devise new and innovative methods of educating these students. The Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) have come up with accessibility standards that will apply to EFL and ESL students. All EFL students should have access to services provided by their institutions, should be given appropriate curriculum, and have equitable and fair assessments. They should also be offered a positive learning environment. A majority of EFL tutors have chosen technology as an aid in meeting and satisfying the above standards. In EFL pedagogical issues are more common in the employment of technology. Pedagogical content knowledge focuses on the strategies used in teaching, that is, those strategies that bring about the best learning experience for every learner. It involves learning different teaching approaches that make the learning process more suitable to the students. In this case, the tutor should be flexible in adjusting instructions to cater for the various learning styles, interests and abilities. The major essence of pedagogical studies is to know how to best teach a concept so that the learners will receive the best learning experience. The different teaching approaches employed may differ from one tutor to the other. In EFL courses, teachers can use pedagogical studies and include technology knowledge. This  is referred to as technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK). The development of TPCK by tutors is crucial to effective teaching with technology. EFL teachers are emphasized in TPCK since they are viewed as autonomous agents with the power to significantly influence the integration of appropriate or inappropriate technology in teaching. The TPCK framework builds upon the work of Shulman (1987, 1986) by describing how a tutor’s understanding of pedagogical content knowledge and technology can interact with one another to bring up effective teaching with technology. In this TPCK model there are three basic components of knowledge which include; technology, pedagogy and technology. The interaction of these bodies of knowledge is equally essential to the model, which is represented as, technologica l content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, technological pedagogical content knowledge and technological pedagogical knowledge. The interaction of these models can be demonstrated in the figure below. 2.) THE POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES OF A VIRTUAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN A UNIVERSITY VLE allows students and lecturers to interact freely without any time and location barriers. This enhances collaboration and communication among the individuals which builds a unique space where student cohorts develop into community and identity: a community of learners. Most case studies indicate that VLEs is particularly good at bringing individuals together to create what is generally referred to as a community of practice. VLEs enables the teacher to create an area where the students will interact through debates on the key areas of their studies, regardless of time zones and their physical location. 2.1) Benefits for student learning Virtual Learning Environment consists of a collection of integrated tools which enable student tracking, management of online learning, assessment, providing a delivery mechanism and access to resources. These tools can assist students in a number of ways. i. Communication First and foremost the tools support communication between the teachers and students, between the students themselves and across student groups through asynchronous online discussion boards and real-time or synchronous chats. Students can use these facilities to create new ideas and improve or build upon their existing knowledge through online discussions and debates. Other communication tools that can be employed include timetables, calendars and diaries. These tools provide information on key issues of the course such as reminders about submission dates for assignments, TV or radio programs to listen to or watch and additional meetings whether face-to-face or online. In some cases, VLE may contain email facilities that enable communication on a one-to-one basis or on a one-to-many basis. This is advantageous since it keeps messages about the course separate from other email communications. ii. AssessmentVLEs contain tools for summative and formative assessment. For instance, self-tests can be used by students to test their understanding of basic course concepts. Quizzes, on the other hand, can provide guidance for both the student and the tutor; results can highlight key areas that have not been fully understood by the students and those that the tutor should pay particular attention to in the later sessions. The feedback given by tutors is essential in helping students develop an understanding of a subject. iii. Enables students acquire computer-assisted learning materials There exists a wide range of interactive EFL simulations, materials and models freely on the web. One of the advantages of VLE is that they enable students to incorporate computer- assisted learning programs such as interactive tutorials or simulations into their course site. This assists in providing ready-made structures for the course materials. iv. Addition of links to the already existing online materials These facilities are especially useful in encouraging students to make good use of the current resources, read around their subject and develop research skills. Students can post links based on certain assigned sources or topics through the tutor, or through their discussion boards, or on their own web pages. This is very essential in developing and encouraging students’ research skills and in creating new materials that can be employed elsewhere. On the other hand, lecturers can post links that will enable the students to prepare for tutorials and lectures, and encourage students’ research into topics connected to project essays and work. When course materials are uploaded in VLE, cost of paper-based distribution to the students is adequately reduced. Students can  download the resources and view them offline or they can print them. Therefore, adequate printing facilities are an important success factor for the use of VLEs. However, according to Ramsay (2000), the use of the VLE as storage of course materials may not increase the students’ total learning experience. He considered a second-year undergraduate student in EFL and stated that there is need to include only the most important course materials in VLE and be precise on the main aim of including the material. The use of discussion boards for particular course materials can motivate students to reflect more on their contributions and also provide electronic records of the students’ contributions. However, students lack motivation to use and participate in discussion boards. The students’ participation can be improved by linking discussion board posting to the course assessment, embedding a discussion board into the activities of the course and finally limiting the life span of a discussion board activity. 2.2) Benefits for teacher instructionThe advantages for tutors using VLEs lies on the fact that they center on improving the learning experience and employing the tools within the VLE to help with the administration and management of the course. i. Administrative tools. Instructors can benefit from VLE using administrative tools. VLEs provide information to the tutor on how often the students accessed VLE course materials through the tracking tool. They can also provide information on when and what the students have read and done in the online discussion board. For those students who study through distance learning, the lecturer can be in a position to monitor if the students have been engaging in online communications and associated materials. ii. Collaboration and communication VLE provides lecturers an opportunity to encourage communication and collaboration. For example, VLE can provide a discussion board or a virtual space where staff, students and other learning specialties can interact, discuss, share ideas, learning and materials. Communication tools used in VLE usually include discussion boards which have the facility to share files, Noticeboards, e-mail and virtual chats. The establishment of a discussion board for a whole course can cut down on the number of questions for each individual student. This is because answers to one student’s questions are posted in the discussion board for all students to see. Although this is encouraging peer support, it is essential to consider how the board will be moderated and to set ground rules and regulations. iii. Active engagementIt is usually difficult to find a way and time to allow and ensure students’ active participation in face-to-face sessions. In online discussion boards, the lecturer can help students to engage more actively in the course and with the learning process at a place and time that is convenient to both the lecturer and the student. This is of specific importance to part-time students. It is often difficult to form groups of the part-time students and full-time students studying the same course especially when it requires face-to-face meetings. Therefore, VLEs are an important place for the two groups to discuss and interact freely without any inconveniences and without the necessity for physical meetings. iv. Signposting Teachers can support the collaboration and communication among students in the VLE by making specific signposting and making a variety of up-to-date data, multimedia and online materials accessible for students. This could include web-links, web resources, the institution’s online library materials, online articles, searchable online database or even graphics. The materials could also be developed by the lecturer, for example, diagrams, lecturer’s notes and images. These materials are linked to other online activities in VLE which benefit those students who conduct intensive studies, those who need additional support and for those who are willing to study at higher levels. v. Saving time  VLEs enables tutors to save time since much time would be lost through students copying complicated diagrams and references; these materials are transferred to the VLE. It also reduces the time and costs associated with photocopying. vi. Posting course information and course material s The most convenient and straightforward way for teachers to ensure that  students access course materials such as handouts, reading lists, assignment details, lecture slides and marks whenever they want, is to avail them through the VLE. The lecturers can periodically upload course materials into the VLE, which functions as a course archive. VLEs also have announcement facilities where the instructors can post updates and announcements. Whenever a student logs into the program, they will automatically receive the updates and the latest announcements. This makes communication of course arrangements flexible especially for the working and part-time students. 2.3) other benefitsVLEs can be linked either through a web link or directly to other online learning tools which are not part of VLE tools. These may offer further functionality such as Write Note which is a referencing tool for students. This software is contained in the Write Note sever but can be linked to online discussion and course resources. In addition VLEs can connect directly with the university’s library or learning center. 3.) IMPLEMENTING VLEs IN A UNIVERSITY A majority of institutions of higher learning across the world are investing in implementing VLEs in their organizations to support the teaching and learning process. However, without an effective implementation, the overall objectives and benefits of VLEs may not be achieved. Hence, the universities should ensure the development of well-designed strategy for the successful implementation of an effective VLE. Implementation of VLEs in any university has been essential since; i. It improves and enhances the students experience ii. It provides great consistency across courses or modules iii. It also provides harmony across delivery systems. 3.1) The model For the implementation of VLE in any organization, A. Holzl suggests a system model for a holistic approach. His model is derived from the metaphor of the â€Å"fire triangle†. This metaphor states that the fire triangle is made up of three elements or sides, that is, oxygen, heat source and fuel. Without any of the elements the fire cannot continue or start. Holzl’s triangle for implementing a VLE in a university consists of; a) Training and development b) Infrastructure c) Organizational culture Infrastructure, in the case of VLE, refers to the IT software and hardware which provides access to the students and staff which have to access or create the environment. Training and development include the students and the academic staff being trained to ensure that they have the appropriate knowledge and information literacy. Finally, organizational culture which is the most important and the one that is often ignored includes attitudes and personal models of learning, policies, organizational climate, assessment and grading system, staff rewards among many others. All these elements stated above either encourage staff and students for implementing VLEs or punish them and create barriers for participating. Most universities invest heavily and pay particular attention on the first two and do little or nothing on the last one. Like a fire triangle, for successful implementation of VLEs in a university there must be equal, coordinated and integrated investment in all three elements of the proposed model. This is an organizational development approach (OD). Most universities have a staff development department but very few universities have an organizational development department. 3.2) Case studiesIn literature, there are several studies and research papers that have been developed to discuss the experience of implementing e-learning in a number of universities around the world. There are not many but they can form a starting point to discuss the effect and experience of implementing e-learning in a university. Beastall and Walker discussed an implementation program of the VLE at York University (UK) based on the change management approach. This program involved a four-year cycle of pilot projects and evaluation ending up in a full availability rollout at the end of the four years. These researchers explained that for a successful implementation of a change management, there should be clear strategic top-down management which should be combined with bottom-up active involvement in order to successfully implement change that focuses on the needs of the students. Sharpe et al. explains the implementation of e-learning at Oxford Brookes  University. The implementation plan focused on the levers used to ensure sustainable embedding and effective uptake. In their strategy, the main focus was the participation of academic schools in employing a range of changing practices. They established that the key factors included: flexibility in practices of schools and institutions that enable them to contextualize their plans for change and the facilitation of user groups that offer staff and students opportunities to voice their views about e-learning. Beckton discussed the adoption of the VLE at Lincoln University, UK. He mentioned that the resistance offered by academic staff and students in the adoption of change could be remedied through the creation of a specialized development unit. The first task of this unit was to increase awareness on the use of the VLE and its advantages across the university. He claimed that the greatest success in implementation of VLE could be achieved by focusing on the needs of the users of the system. The main point of concern should be focusing on what the users of the system required and give them the opportunity to express those needs instead of developing a system focusing on what it can do for them. In summary, according to these case studies, the implementation of VLE in a university requires careful strategic planning in order to prepare the users and ensure their commitment to proper and efficient use of the system. 3.3) Trials and potential difficultiesMost organizational changes are unsuccessful due to different forms of resistance. For example, some individuals in the organization may be against implementation of the VLE. Therefore, it becomes necessary to identify why individuals resist change. People are most essential assets in any organization and hence their commitment can be the main factor in determining the successful and effective implementation of any IT project. For the implementation team, it is important for them to know the reasons behind the resistance and this could help them in planning to address the issues so as to overcome the resistance. In literature and theory, there are several reasons behind the resistance in the adoption of VLE or any other form of e-learning in an institution of higher learning. According to Goolnik, some of them include; i. Academic faculty may feel that they have less control over their working lives than before. ii. Some of tutors feel that it might lower the quality of the courses. iii. They are afraid of the ownership and intellectual property rights of the resources produced. iv. Some fear for lack of official recognition for the work done under the new technologies. v. There is deficiency in IT skills and also lack of time.vi. Some lecturers feel that getting involved with e-learning and VLE is not part of their role. Salmon argued that resistance may occur because the employment of VLEs in a university involves the migration away from the traditional teaching practices and most of the faculties prefer to preserve their familiar and existing pedagogical practices. Some individuals may be instant adopters of new technology while others may be short-term, long-term or they may never use the VLE. It is therefore imperative to consider each type of individual and formulate the best practice to overcome any possible resistance. Resistance can be overcome by involving the academic staff in the development and designi ng of the e-learning system such as a VLE and also in the understanding of the need for change. It is essential for them to understand their roles which will ensure their commitment and involvement. Most senior managers expect cooperation from their workers which is the main cause of resistance in most universities. According to Sharma et al. resistance can be decreased by; educating the stakeholders and workforce on the importance of e-learning; allowing the affected individuals to contribute in the implementation process and also bargaining with the external and internal stakeholders. Finally, resistance is the key failure of most e-learning projects in most universities; therefore, learning its main causes could lead to a better planning and a successful implementation of the VLE. 4.) A STRATEGY FOR IMPLEMENTION AT UNIVERSITY OF HAIL, SAUDI ARABIA The University of Hail is already using CIT in the department of English as a Foreign Language. A large number of teaching materials are obtained on internal webpages and e-mail lists are commonly used to communicate with students. One member of the academic staff usually updates the intranet on behalf of the other academics. However, there is a need to implement VLE in the university. For successful implementation of VLE in the university of Hail, the proposed framework should follow a proactive approach. Evidence shows that institutions that apply the proactive or practical approach in the implementation of VLE experience fewer problems  and are in most cases successful compared to those who apply the reactive approach. In a practical approach, the team deals with unwanted problems proactively and hence enhancing efficiency and effectiveness. The framework is composed of multiple tasks or strategies that ensure s uccessful implementation of VLE in the university. The figure below illustrates the visual presentation of the framework.i. Analysis of the institutional context When planning for any change program, it is important to take the institution context into consideration. The institution strategies and goals should be critically analyzed in terms of its strengths, weaknesses and opportunities and the change tactics are then advanced. At this stage it is essential to work at the departmental level and develop commitment and ownership by involving departmental heads and other senior managers. One should make them aware of best practices that already exist. ii. Sufficiency of resources. Availability of resources is very crucial in the implementation of e-learning. Deficiency of infrastructure and human resources may impede implementation of VLE in a university. These resources also include support and training funding. iii. Selection of a VLE that supports the language of students and academic staff VLEs should be backed with the language of the academic staff and students in the university. Language barrier could hinder the appropriate use of the VLE. Intercultural particularities should be taken into consideration when selecting VLE basic language to be applied. At a relatively low cost, electronic conversion tools could also be installed to convert the learning resources that have been created from one language to another. The calendar should also be considered as one of the intercultural problems from different countries use different calendar formats, for example, lunar and solar calendar formats. iv. Getting people support and ownership Individual tutors’ motives must be well understood and addressed to other individuals. This is because, resistance to change is expected and therefore preparations must be considerably sufficient to enable individuals realizing changes gradually. This task can be done in two different stages, that is; a) Creation of the user coalition group that covers all stakeholders It is important for a user group to be established so as to cater for the balance between organizational, technical and pedagogical consideration in the entire university. This group should comprise of representatives from all interested sectors such as senior management, technical team, students, academic staff from all departments taking part, and registration staff. Involving the group’s feedback in the planning of the system could give an excellent view of the problems that may arise and how to solve them. b) Design training programs to empower people to effect change A comprehensive program that entails workshops, training programs and seminars should be developed with the help of the human resource department of the university. This helps to equip staff and students with the required IT skills. Introductory courses should be offered on how to use VLE such as creating content; using different tools; creating and contributing in discussion boards. This will enable planning for VLE to be integrated into the university system. c) Creation of the change agents team to communicate the change vision Change agents should be selected out of the user coalition group whose main function will be managed and facilitate change in the university. They should educate students and staff on the importance of VLE and also plan and monitor the implementation. The team should constantly communicate with top management in order to always gain their support and approval. They also need to communicate constantly the new strategies and visions and sell the VLE to the suitable addresses. The major objective of establishment of a change team is to ensure that as many people as possible are optimistic towards change. Successful adoption of VLE in a university can be achieved by channeling communication through channels such as opinion leaders and change agents instead of channeling from formalized, distanced recommendations from the management. d) Increasing the awareness of the selected VLEAfter designing the training programs, staff and students should be encouraged to undertake personal VLE training that should cover content development, IT skills so as to fully develop their understanding of the VLE. Training should comprise of transformation of academic practice in the collaborative development and sharing of teaching and learning resources. Its main objectives should be skills development, personalized learning pathways and student focused activities via online involution of students and teachers. Support and training available to students and staff is crucial for the successful implementation of a VLE. v. Setting of clear targetsIn the establishment of change in any organization, it is important to set quantitative assessment benchmarks and measures. In the establishment of VLE, the easiest attainable target could be that all courses offered in a university could have some kind of web presence of a particular date. However, such a target could result in encouraging students and staff to use the VLE for their own sake but not promoting them to employ VLE in improving their experience and knowledge. Other measures could be introduced, for example, content oriented measure or interaction oriented measures. In interaction oriented measures, rate of involvement in discussion boards and forums or frequency of announcement la id could be employed. In content oriented targets, the content placed by the tutor could be measured such as placement of lecture notes, objectives of the course and of the resources placed and placement of table of contents among others. vi. Establishing VLE help desk Help desks should be established so as to provide technical assistance to students and academic staff who experience any difficulties in the employed of VLEs. vii. Gradual implementation of the VLE across the university The implementation of the VLE system in a university should be conducted in a gradual manner. This helps in controlling support services, assess feedback procedures and control the pace of the rollout of the system. The implementation should start in colleges where the use of IT is maturing. This enables the administrators of the system to try out the system, to identify any problems or bottlenecks that arise and report such issues to the implementation team. 5.) CONCLUSION The objective of this paper was to formulate a review of learning styles in Virtual Learning Environments employed in the teaching of English as a  Foreign Language. The following conclusions were made. VLE has to be functional and clear so as to obtain the best learning results. If there are multiple courses in the VLE they should be unified to get easy and simple access to course information and learning resources. Technology can be effectively employed in EFL studies. EFL studies have recently been experiencing large numbers of student enrollment, increasing diversity of students and less resources. The EFL population has also raised over the past years in the majority of countries in the world. Hence, the language need of EFL and ESL students have prompted teachers to devise new and innovative methods of educating these students. The tutors have opted to use pedagogical studies and include technology knowledge that will simplify their work load. Finally for the successful implementation of a VLE in University of Hail Saudi Arabia, the implementation strategy should follow a proactive approach. The following strategies should be put into place; i. Analysis of the institutional contextii. Sufficiency of resources iii. Selection of a VLE that supports the language of students and academic staff iv. Getting people support and ownership v. Setting of clear targets vi. Establishing VLE help desk vii. Gradual implementation of the VLE across the university References Beckton, J., 2009. Lumping and Splitting. Rolling out a new VLE at the University of Lincoln. e-Learning: A Reality Check Do We Practice What We Preach?, 8th-9th January. Benchicou, S. A. M. a. N. D., 2010. E-Learning in Engineering education : A Theoretical and Empirical Study of the Algerian Higher Education Institution. The European Journal of Engineering Education, 35(3), pp. 325-343. De Miranda, M. A., 2008. Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Engineering and Technology Teacher Education: Issues for thought. Journal of the Japanese Society of Technology Education, 50 (1), pp. 17-26. Dublin, L., 2004. The nine myths of e-learning implementation: ensuring the real return on your e-learning investment. Industrial and Commercial Training, 36(7), pp. 291-294. El-Haisoni, M. A. a. E., January 2013. Empirical Investigation of the e-Learning Approach in Saudi Universities. International Journal of English and Education, 2(1), pp. 2278-4012. Forsyth, H. P. J. L. R. a. M. J., 2010. Distance education in the era of eLearning: challenges and opportunities for a campus-focused institution. Higher Education Research and Development, 29(1), pp. 15-28. Goolnik, G., 2006. Effective Change Management Strategies for Embedding Online Learning within Higher Education and Enabling the Effective Continuing Professional Development of its Academic Staff. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education- TOJDE, 7 (1), pp. 9-21. Govindasamy, T., 2002. Successful implementation of e-Learning Pedagogical considerations. Internet and Higher Education, Volume 4, pp. 287-299. K. Sharma, D. S. a. P. P., 2010. Strategic architecture for e-learning at H.P University. International Journal of Educational Management, 24 (7), pp. 575-596. M. Owen, M. B. a., 2000. Implementing Virtual Learning Environments: Looking for Holistic Approach. Educational Technology Society, 3 (3), pp. 39-53. McCalman, R. P. a. J., 2000. Change Management, A Guide to Effective Implementation, London: Sage Publications. Moser, F., 2007. Faculty adoption of educational technology. Educational technology support plays a critical role in helping faculty add technology to their teaching. EDUCAUSE Quarterly Magazine, 30 (1). Nunes, M. M. a. M., 2006. Organisational issues for e-learning: Critical success factors as identified by HE practitioners. International Journal of Educational Management, 20(7), pp. 542-558. Pahl, C., 2003. Managing evolution and change in web-based teaching and learning environments. Computers Education, Volume 40, pp. 99-114. R. Sharpe, G. a. R. F., 2006. Implementing a university e-learning stra tegy: levels for change within academic schools. Research in Learning Technology, 14(2), pp. 135-151. Russell, C., 2009. A Systematic Framework for Managing e-learning adoption in campus universities: individual strategies in context. Research in Learning Technology, 1(7), pp. 3-19. Salmon, G., 2005. Strategic framework for e-learning and pedagogical innovation. Research in Learning Technology, 13 (3), pp. 201-218. Schneckenberg, D., 2010. Overcoming barriers for eLearning in universities – portfolio models for competence development of faculty. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41 (6), pp. 979-991. Walker, L. B. a. R., 2007. Effecting institutional change through e-learning: An implementation model for VLE deployment at the University of York. Journal of Organizational Transformational and Social Change, 3 (3), pp. 285-299. Weller, M., 2007. Virtual Learning Environments: Using, choosing and developing your VLE. UK: Routledge. Yorke, M. S. a. J., November 2004. Embedding Staff Development in eLearning in the Production Process and using Policy to Reinforce its Effectiveness. Birmingham, 9th SEDA conference. http://www.staffs.ac.uk/COSE/cosenew/embedding.pdf Zhu, C., 2010. Teacher roles and adoption of educational technology in the Chinese context. Journal for educational research online, 2(2), pp. 72-86.

Postpartum Depression Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis, Psychiatry

Postpartum Depression Background also called postnatal depression, is a type of clinical depression which can affect both sexes after childbirth. About 0.5% to 60% of women experience postpartum depression. Usually begins between two weeks to a month after delivery. Signs and Symptoms Sadness Hopelessness Low self-esteem Guilt A feeling of being overwhelmed Sleep and eating disturbances Inability to be comforted Exhaustion Emptiness Inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable Social withdrawal Low or no energy Becoming easily frustrated Feeling inadequate in taking care of the baby Decreased sex drive Occasional or frequent anxiety Risk Factors Income Rates of PPD have been shown to decrease as income increases. Women with fewer resources may be more likely to have an unintended or unwanted pregnancy Race African American mothers have been shown to have the highest risk of PPD at 25%, while Asians had the lowest at 11.5% American Indians, Caucasian and Hispanic women fell in between Sexual Orientation lesbian and bisexual biological mothers had significantly higher Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores than did the heterosexual women Diagnosis Experts diagnose PPD as depression with onset anytime within the first year after delivery. Feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness, nearly every day Loss of interest or pleasure in activities Weight loss or decreased appetite Changes in sleep patterns Feelings of restlessness Loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or guilt Loss of concentration or increased indecisiveness Recurrent thoughts of death, with or without plans of suicide Andrea Yates Born July 2, 1964 in Hallsville, Texas Had severe PPD and Postpartum Psychosis Suffered from depression and bulimia Class valedictorian Captain of the swim team Officer in the National Honor Society The Yates Story After the birth of her 4th child, Andrea attempted suicide (June 1999) Second attempt a month later Becomes pregnant with 5th child (November 2000) Her father passed (March 2001) Waited for her husband to leave Drowned all five of her children (June 20, 2001) Was found not guilty by reason of insanity Works Cited https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbOKvZdLWbY https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis

Oil Spill Essays

Oil Spill Essays Oil Spill Essay Oil Spill Essay Effects to the water quality Oils consist of a complex mixture of hydrogen and carbon which is used for fuel, lubrication, plastics manufacturing, and many other purposes. These petroleum products get into water mainly by means of accidental spills from ships, tanker trucks, pipelines, and leaky underground storage tanks Petroleum products affect surface water, impairing water quality with hydrocarbons, salts, nutrients, a host of organic compounds, and various heavy metals. Immediately after a spill, Oil slicks on the surface water producing a thick mousse.A large portion of the oil also forms emulsions or dissolves in the water. Some heavy portions will settle into to the bottom. Oxygen can be relatively easily obtained in the slick oil spill, but the nutrients are sometimes limited. In the warm waters of the equatorial and tropical oceans, it has been observed that this evaporation will remove as much as 40% of the spill during the first 24 hr. Oil will also be oxidised by dissolved oxygen at the rate of 1 mg of oil per 3 mg of oxygen consumption. Microbial degradation will account for 2g of oil per square meter per day.Around 1% of the spilled oil will be dissolved or dispersed in water. In addition, photo-oxidation by solar radiation will also degrade a part of the oil. Thus, it can be expected that around 45-50% of any oil spill will be removed during the first 24 hr in the warm zone of the ocean. The heavier fractions of the spill will form drifting patches being split up by the prevailing winds and currents. These patches will ultimately end up as floating tar particles Oil is an intimidating mixture of thousands of compounds, and every oil is different.All petroleum-based fuels, including the gasoline we pump into our cars, begin with crude oil that is pulled from the ground and processed at a refinery, where it is heated and separated into the different products we use. As crude oil is heated, lighter compounds evaporate and are collected and sold as gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and lubricating oil (motor oil). Different types of oil have different environmental effects. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), scientists broadly categorize oil types into light and heavy. When lighter oils, such as gas and diesel, spill out onto the water, they evaporate rather quickly and only remain in the environment for a short time. They are, however, highly toxic and highly flammable. Coming in contact with the oil or breathing the fumes can kill animals and plants. The oil can also ignite and explode. Heavier oils, such as those used to power ships, are not as toxic as light oils, but they can remain in the environment for years. They can harden after coming ashore, at which point they are less toxic to plants and animals. Heavy oil spills harm plants and animals by smothering them.Chemical Constituents Commonly Found in oil spills Benzene| Colorless, sweet smelling liquid and vapor. Evaporates very quickly and dissolves slightly in water. | Toluene aka Methylbenzene| Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid and vapor that smells like gasoline. Toluene occurs naturally in crude oil. | Ethyl benzene| Ethyl benzene is a colorless liquid. It is highly flammable and smells like gasoline. It is naturally found in coal tar and petroleum. | Generic alkanes(including octane,hexane, nonane)| Alkanes are colorless liquids or vapors that smell like gasoline.They are present in crude oil and petroleum products. They are highly flammable and evaporate easily| Xylene| Xylene is a colorless, sweet-smelling liquidand vapor. It is highly flammable and evaporates easily. It occurs naturally in petroleum and coal tar. | Amoco Cadiz and Exxon Valdez The Amoco Cadiz and Exxon Valdez oil spills caused much of the present interestboth from the public and the scientific community. Attention has been focused on the possible effects of oil spills on coastlines and benthic, neritic, and pelagic organisms. The problem of floating oil will increase with tanker traffic.But it is not the only source of problems. Rig blow-outs can create massive oil spills , and these rigs are usually near a coastal region. The presence of tar and oil slicks are the most conspicuous effects. Tar may seriously soil beaches, and the clean-up may bring, as a secondary effect, beach erosion. Both oil and gas drilling and petroleum pollution affect water quality, accumulate in sediments, change the distribution of marine organisms, and cause illness to marine organisms and human beingsthat is, similar effects as from inland waste disposal. Effects to the waterWhen oil gets in the water, hydrocarbons will linger on the surface and after time, some of them may be broken down or evaporate, but they all wont go away (Rice, 1984). Looking in the sediment on the bottom of the water or looking closely at water you can still see its traces. Once it is in the water it is difficult to remove. Some studies claim that it has little impact on the environment. However, during the 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, numerous studies made it apparent that hydrocarbons can cause great damage to the ecosystem. In fact, there are lasting effects that we are just starting to see.In Valdez, Alaska at the oil terminal, they have to pump out ballast water from boats and oil tankers which has to be treated to remove contaminants. However, they use a treatment process which takes out 99% of hydrocarbons, but due to the large amount of ballast water being used (10-15 million gallons a day), a large amount of hydrocarbons are still being pumped into the ocean (Rice, 1984). This problem can be seen locally. The hydrocarbons found in oil released into our local harbor have the potential to cause the same harmful effects on the environment.US Environmental Protection Agency EPA deployed field teams to collect a small number of samples of oily debris, tar balls, mousse oil and other petroleum waste products that have washed up on the shore or were present on the surface of the water along the Coasts. Preliminary results have only shown chemical constituents that are usually found in petroleum products and therefore typical health precautions should be taken. Samples were collected at multiple locations to determine the chemical makeup of the oil washing up on shorelines.Oil has been washing up in various physical forms and samples were taken accordingly of tarballs, weathered oil, oil mousse, and grease. The oil from the Exxon Valdez has killed and injured many of the marine life in that area. Attempts to clean up an oil spill can indirectly harm some of the resources we are trying to protect. For example, using hot water or chemicals to remove oil can harm plants and animals, and simply sending a team of cleanup workers into an oiled area can trample sensitive organisms and mix oil more deeply into a beach.The experts who respond to oil spills must consider all of these potential problems when evaluating the trade-offs of how far to go in removing spilled oil. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Cleanup Methods on the Water Boom It comes in many sizes, shapes, and types and is used primarily to deflect and/or collect oil. Burning Fresh oil contains gases which are very volatile. By igniting these gases whole oil slicks can be reduced to tarry residue. Dispersants It disperses. They are chemicals that break-up oil into smaller and smaller concentrations.Potentially into individual molecules. Skimming a mechanical system for removing oil from the surface. This process was created based on the reality that oil is lighter than water. It should be kept in mind that it is not the duty of the people living around this area that should be cleaning. But it is the oil companies’ responsibility to prevent spills and to clean them up when they happen. Organisms affected by the contaminated water Oil spills are considered forms of pollution that gives highly adverse effects on the environment.These oil spills greatly affect animals and marine plants. You can also be exposed to crude oil if you live where there is an oil spill or leak nearby. You may be exposed to crude oil from an oil spill through tarballs at a beach or shoreline. Winds and waves can tear patches of spilled oil into smaller pieces called tarballs. Tarballs are small pieces of oil that are remnants of oil spills and can stick to rocks, sand, or marine animals. Oil contaminants may stick to the fur of pets, which can transfer the contamination to people.Exposure at work can occur through contact with the skin, ingestion, or breathing crude oil liquid, drops, or fumes. Studies have shown that the environmental damage of oil spills are far greater than originally thought. The hydrocarbon in petroleum-based oil is able to negatively impact marine life at concentrations as low as one part per billion. The heavier components of crude oil such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons cause the most damage. Although being less toxic then lighter components such as benzene and toluene, unlike these components they are not volatile and do not evaporate easily.The oil mixes deeply into pebbles or sandy beaches, and remains there for months or years. The chemicals include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide , and volatile organic compounds. Breathing in both ethylbenzene and benzene can cause cancer and reproductive effects, while breathing in n-hexane can damage the nervous system and usher in numbness in the extremities, muscular weakness, blurred vision, headaches, and fatigue.Exposure to crude oil may irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. It may cause dizziness, rapid heart rate, headaches, confusion, and anemia. Prolonged skin contact with crude oil may cause skin reddening, edema, and burning of the skin. If you think your health has been affected by exposure to crude oil, contact your health care professional. The oil also affects the plants under the sea, it forms a thick layer on the water surface, and this layer blocks out light and prevents gaseous exchange.When this happens, not only will the plants not be able to photosynthesise, animals underneath the affected area will find that the supply of oxygen slowly diminishes, and is unable to be continuously replenished by the environment. When plants cannot photosynthesise, they eventually die, leading to a vicious effect on the food chain, ultimately affecting all animals. Animals such as Seabirds, Sea Otters, Killer Whales, and other marine life are also affected by this because oil spills causes blindness, hypothermia, inducing low body temperatures.Oil may also enter the lungs or livers of animals, in turn poisoning the animals. Animals Oil spills affect small organisms living in the sea, such as plankton, and larval fish, as well as bottom-dwelling organisms like oysters, seaweed, mussels. When these organisms die due to the oil, this affects the food chain. Fish that prey on these animals will have difficulty finding food, and may die. This will in turn affect their predators and so on. Prevention Avoid contact with the oil. Keep children and animals away from the spill.If possible, put a fence around the area and post a warning sign. Use a source of water upstream from the spill. Even if you have to walk a long way, it is worth it to prevent health problems. Where oil has spilled, rainwater may be the only safe water to drink. Avoid eating animals that live in water such as crabs, shrimp, and snails near the spill and areas downstream. They soak up toxins like sponges. Avoid bathing in affected water. If somebody falls in the water, they should wash right away with strong soap and clean water.Notify neighbors, government officials, the press, and NGOs that are concerned about health and the environment. Teach people about the dangers of oil at schools and community gatherings. In conclusion, the dangers oil spills pose to the environment are numerous and highly dangerous, hence, greater effort should be taken to ensure such oil spills are minimized in the future.Resources: http://geology. uprm. edu whoi. edu http://seagrant. uaf. edu http://drs. nio. org http://en. hesperian. org http://www3. imperial. ac. uk epa. gov bt. cdc. gov http://toxtown. nlm. nih. gov

Comparing of service operation and manufacturing operations in the Essay

Comparing of service operation and manufacturing operations in the market - Essay Example As a result of research it was suggested that service or production operations are essential in any business as it bridges the customers and the manufacturers through provision of technical based for advancing business models. The operations are crucial to organizations due to guarantee of service delivery which is usually IT based. Despite the numerous services’ offered through service operations department, there are vast challenges experienced on how to monitor both simple and complex diverse business aspects that calls for deriving perfect solution in order to compete equally with other departments within organization. To grab an understanding of manufacturing operation it is adept to consider the meaning of manufacturing operation so as to create a perception of the subject; hence creating a baseline for comparison of its advantages to that of service operation. A manufacturer is an entity, enterprise or person that manufactures some product hence manufacture operations c an be described as a factory of company where merchandize and products are made from raw materials. Manufacturing process commences after obtaining raw materials which are then used to develop and process a finished product ready to be distributed or sold to the local citizens. However, manufacturing process is very sensitive as it designs and produce products that as supposed to convince the customers so that they would derive pleasure in the finished products. In order to obtain quality products (Drury, 2007, p. 74), it is the mandate of the manufacturers to work towards quality and taste to convince the consumers of the products availed in the market while service operations are aimed at providing perishable, intangible goods and services to the market for the public to buy (Camp, 2004, p. 24). Manufacturers in most cases do not sell directly to the consumers instead they trade with whole sellers and retailers hence, it is adept to consider manufacturers as the key players in pro duction and manufacturing sector (Hamilton, 2003, p. 17). In most cases service operations are aimed at easing the work of consumers and customers who would be struggling to obtain the services from then sources. However, since not every customer would be able to raise the minimum amount required to acquire products directly from the manufactures, the service operations providers would act as links between the product manufacturers and the consumers hence, it is the work of the manufacturers to derive products that would persuade the consumers (Swammidass, 2000, p. 52). The service operations organizations are challenged to design better processes of delivering services so that customers would recommend further the functions of service operations for instance, in the manufacturing operation, products have to undergo extensive checks to affirm that the availed products are in accordance with the requirements. For instance, the product composition should compose of the